Giardia lamblia-infected preschoolers present growth delays independent of the assemblage A, B or E

BACKGROUND Intestinal parasite Giardia can affect children's physical development mainly stunting even in asymptomatic cases. The protozoa G. lamblia is divided into assemblages A-H. However, it is still unclear whether clinical manifestations and pathogenesis may vary according to the infecting assemblage. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether G. lamblia assemblages influence differently the physical development of preschoolers from a community of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS Anthropometric parameters were analysed from children attending a daycare centre and stool samples were obtained for the G. lamblia diagnosis. G. lamblia isolates from positive samples were genotyped. Data were analysed in order to verify whether there is a relationship between G. lamblia infection and the physical development of children according to the assemblage. FINDINGS Herein we demonstrated that although eutrophic, G. lamblia-infected daycare preschoolers from a low-income community presented growth delay compared to non-infected ones. This effect was observed for the three assemblages (A, B or E) found infecting humans. MAIN CONCLUSION G. lamblia causes growth delays on children independent of infecting assemblage (A, B or E).

Prevalence of double burden on malnutrition at household level in four Latin America countries / Prevalência de dupla carga de má nutrição em nível domiciliar em quatro países da América Latina

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the prevalence of maternal overweight and short stature in children at household level in Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study. Population-based studies on children (0-5 years old) and women (15 to 49 years old) who participated in the Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher(National Survey on Children and Women Demography and Health) in Brazil and the Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud, (National Survey on Demography and Health), in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. Variables of interest: overweight mother and child with short stature, a double burden when both outcomes are present. Global prevalence and stratification, according to rural and urban areas and 95% confidence intervals, were estimated. Results: the global sample consisted of 26,506 households. The prevalence of double burden was 9.3% in Bolivia (CI95%= 8.3-10.4), 6.7% in Peru (CI95%=5.9-7.5), Colombia (3.2%; CI95%=2.8-3.6) and Brazil (2.2%; CI95%=1.4-3.2). The highest prevalence were observed in the rural areas in Bolivia (13% vs 6.5%; p<0.001) and Peru (11.9% vs 4.1%; p<0.001). Conclusions: the highest prevalence were registered in Peru and Bolivia, and the lowest in Brazil and Colombia.

Resumo Objetivos: estimar a prevalência de excesso de peso materno e baixa estatura infantil em nível domiciliar no Brasil, Bolívia, Colômbia e Peru. Métodos: estudo descritivo transversal. Utilizou-se estudos de base populacional de crianças (0-5 anos) e mulheres (15 a 49 anos) que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher, no Brasil, e da Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud, na Bolívia, Colômbia e Peru. Variáveis de interesse: mãe com excesso de peso e filho com baixa estatura, sendo dupla carga quando presentes ambos os desfechos. Foi estimada a prevalência global e estratificada por área rural e urbana e os intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados: a amostra global foi composta de 26.506 domicílios. As prevalências de dupla carga foram na Bolívia 9,3% (IC95%= 8,3 - 10,4), no Peru 6,7% (IC95%= 5,9 - 7,5), Colômbia (3,2%; IC95%= 2,8 - 3,6) e Brasil (2,2%; IC95%= 1,4 - 3,2). As maiores prevalências foram mostradas nas áreas rurais da Bolívia (13% vs 6,5%; p < 0,001) e do Peru (11,9% vs 4,1%; p < 0,001). Conclusões: as mais altas prevalências foram registradas no Peru e Bolívia, e as menores no Brasil e Colômbia.

The prevalence of malnutrition in children with cleft lip and cleft palate: a case-control study

Background: Children with cleft lip and cleft palate come across lot of impediment, hurdles in society. There are several social factors which hinders the proper nourishment of CL only, CP or CLP children, so majority of them tend to suffer malnutrition due to lack of standard care especially from their parents and society. Due to even low socio-economic status, impact on growth of these children is vexatious. However potential risk of malnutrition is particularly more during early childhood. Moreover, till date there are not much significant data on malnutrition in CL only, CP or CLP children. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of malnutrition in non syndromic CL only, CP or CLP in south India.Methods: Anthropometric parameters weight for age z score (WAZ), height for age z score (HAZ), of children with CLP were compared with age matched controls.Results: Prevalence of PEM and stunting for cleft group were 40% and 21.3% respectively compared to 33.33% and 17.33% for the control. Differences in the underweight, and stunting between the two groups were not statistically significant (?2=2.83, p value=0.58, and ?2=1.48, p value=0.69 respectively).Conclusions: There is no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of malnutrition in children with non- syndromic cleft lip and Palate compared with control.

Determinants of Zinc Status of 2-3-Year-Old Children in Laguna, Philippines

Introduction: Zinc deficiency has been considered a micronutrient problem of high magnitude in the Philippines. The effect of zinc deficiency on physical growth manifests during the first two years of life and is associated with high rates of infection and inadequate nutrition. The study aims to assess the zinc status of children and identify factors that affect zinc status. Methods: A multi-stage stratified random sampling was used in a cross-sectional study of 2 -3-year-old children currently residing in the province of Laguna, Philippines. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire. A 24-hour food recall data sheet was used for evaluation of food intake. The physical dimensions of children were measured using salter weighing scale and height board. A static biochemical test of nutrients in the blood was carried out to assess the level of zinc and presence of infection in the body. The Early Childhood Care and Development program checklist, Metro Manila Developmental Screening Test and Child Development Index were adapted to determine the level of cognitive development of children. Results: Correlation analysis revealed that anthropometric indices and food intake had a significant and positive linear association with zinc status (energy r=.014; P=.000; protein r=.027; P=.000; zinc r=.044; P=.000; iron r=.070; P=.000). The presence of infection was found to have a negative but significant relationship with zinc status. Zinc status was significantly associated with cognitive development. Conclusion: The study showed that determinants of zinc status are nutrient intake (such as energy and zinc), infection, height-for-age index and cognitive development.

Confiabilidad de las mediciones antropométricas en escolares de la comuna de Vicuña (Chile) / Reliability of anthropometric the measurements in students from Vicuña county (Chile)

Objective: To analyze the anthropometric technique used by teachers on children from first grade, and to compare those measurements with those taken by a trained professional on the same children. Subjects and Method: Cross-sectional study in1st grade children from 19 municipalized schools and two subsidized particular schools from Vicuña County. An observation guide to register the fulfillment of the methodology recommended by the Chilean Ministry of Health was applied. Comparison of the results of the nutritional evaluation (BMI by age and height for age) according to the data of the teacher and the health professional was performed by the Kappa Index. Results: 426 were students studied, 90.6 percent of the universe. Only 27 percent of the teachers had received qualification and their methodology to weigh and to measure was inadequate in the majority of the cases. The Kappa Index was inferior to 0.8 and the more frequent errors of classification were underestimation of the low weight (1.9 vs. 3.3 percent), over-estimation of the overweight (21.1 vs. 18.1 percent) and obesity (23.0 vs. 20.2 percent). The agreement was smaller when the used technique was incorrect, in municipalized schools, in the rural area, or when the one in charge to measure was not teacher head (assistant teacher). Conclusions: The technique of anthropometric measurement was inadequate in most of the teachers, which determines errors in the nutritional classification. It is necessary more qualification and better instruments to obtain a more reliable data.

Objetivo: analizar la técnica antropométrica utilizada por los profesores con los niños de primero básico y la concordancia del diagnóstico nutricional entre las mediciones realizadas por los profesores y un profesional entrenado. Sujetos y método: estudio transversal en alumnos del Iº básico en 19 colegios municipalizados y 2 colegios particulares subvencionados de la Comuna de Vicuña. Aplicación de una pauta de observación sobre el cumplimiento de las normas de medición del Ministerio de Salud. Análisis de concordancia en la evaluación del IMC por edad y talla-edad, según los datos del profesor y del profesional de salud (índice Kappa). Resultados: Se estudiaron 426 escolares, 90,6 por ciento del universo. Solo el 27 por ciento de los profesores había recibido capacitación y la metodología utilizada para pesar y medir fue inadecuada en la mayoría de los casos. El índice Kappa fue inferior a 0,8 y los errores de clasificación más frecuentes fueron subestimación del bajo peso (1,9 vs 3,3 por ciento), sobreestimación del sobrepeso (21,1 vs 18,1 por ciento) y de la obesidad (23,0 vs 20,2 por ciento). La concordancia fue menor cuando la técnica utilizada era incorrecta, en colegios municipalizados, en sector rural o cuando el encargado de medir no fue el profesor Jefe (un docente o inspector). Conclusiones: la técnica de medición antropométrica fue inadecuada por la mayor parte de los profesores, lo que determinó errores en la clasificación nutricional. Se requiere más capacitación y mejores instrumentos para obtener una información más confiable.

Comparação entre distribuições de referência para a classificação do estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down / Assessment of anthropometric indexes of children and adolescents with Down syndrome

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância da categorização dos índices peso para idade (P/I) e estatura para idade (E/I) em indivíduos com síndrome de Down segundo diferentes curvas. MÉTODOS: Desenvolveu-se estudo transversal em crianças (2 a 9,9 anos de idade) e adolescentes (10 a 17,9 anos de idade) com síndrome de Down assistidos em instituições da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Os índices de P/I e E/I foram categorizados segundo os percentis de três curvas: duas para indivíduos com síndrome de Down e outra para indivíduos saudáveis. Os limites utilizados na categorização foram o percentil 5 (P5) e o percentil 95 (P95). Utilizou-se o Kappa ponderado na avaliação da concordância das classificações (significativo quando p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: Foram obtidas informações de 98 crianças e 40 adolescentes. Entre as crianças, o P/I < P5 variou de 1,0 a 18,4 por cento; a concordância para essa categorização foi considerada fraca (Kappa = 0,16; IC95 por cento -0,03-0,34; p < 0,01); para E/I, não foi observada concordância na classificação. Entre os adolescentes, a categorização do P/I < P5 variou de 2,5 a 5,0 por cento; a concordância para essa classificação foi fraca (Kappa = 0,16; IC95 por cento -0,15-0,48; p > 0,05); para E/I, a concordância foi boa (Kappa = 1,00; IC95 por cento 0,23-1,00; p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: A concordância entre as classificações dos índices P/I e E/I geradas por diferentes distribuições mostrou-se fraca. Os dados indicam que o desenvolvimento de curvas específicas para indivíduos com síndrome de Down seria útil para a identificação de distúrbios ponderais, como o excesso de peso, que é freqüentemente observado nesse grupo.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the agreement between classifications of children and adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) by weight for age (W/A) and height for age (H/A) indexes according to a selection of international reference curves. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out of children (2 to 9.9 years old) and adolescents (10 to 17.9 years old) with DS from cities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2005. The W/A and H/A indexes were classified according to the percentiles of two curves developed for individuals with Down syndrome and one distribution developed for healthy subjects. The cut-off limits applied for categorization were: below the 5th percentile (< P5) and above the 95th percentile (> 95). The weighted Kappa index was estimated to assess agreement between the classifications (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Information was obtained on 98 children and 40 adolescents. From 1.0 to 18.4 percent of the children were < P5 for W/A and the agreement for this index was considered weak (Kappa = 0.16; 95 percentCI -0.03-0.34; p < 0.01) no agreement was observed between the H/A classifications. For adolescents, W/A < P5 varied from 2.5 to 5.0 percent; and once more there was no agreement for this classification (Kappa = 0.16; 95 percentCI -0.15-0.48; p > 0.05). There was good agreement for the H/A index (Kappa = 1.00; 95 percentCI 0.23-1.00; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: There was weak agreement between classifications of anthropometric indexes according to three different distributions. The data indicate that the construction of specific curves for individuals with DS would facilitate the identification of overweight, which is often observed among these patients.

Research on the growth references of height, weight and body mass index for children under 7 years old / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the varying features and the trend of length/height-for-age,weight-for-age and body masa index(BMI)-for-age of children under six years old in Ningbo city,Zhejiang province.Methods By random clustered sampling,64 038 healthy children under six years old in Ningbo were chosen and their length/height and weight measured.Means,standard deviation and percentiles of length/height-for-age,weight-for-age and BMI were calculated by SAS systems.Results of this study were compared with growth standards from WHO 2006 and nine urban areas of China,in 2005.Results Data from our study showed that the annual growth rates were basically the same in boys and girls.All these indicators increased along with age but the younger the age,the faster the growth rate appeared.There were notable differences seen between genders and urban-rural distribution.BMIs were also varied with age and sex.BMI reached peak between 4 to 6 months,then dropped slowly when age increased.Conclusion The means of length/height-for-age,weight-for-age in Ningbo city had exceeded the WHO standards,and the growth by year under six year-olds in Ningbo was close to the data from nine urban areas of China in 2005.

Enviromental Factors and Factors Associated with Feeding on Infant's Growth / 대한지역사회영양학회지

No abstract available.